Terror is only justice: prompt, severe and inflexible; it is then an emanation of virtue; … Young Maximilien was educated in Paris, graduating from the Lycée Louis-le-Grand and earning a law degree in 1781. Maximilien Robespierre was born in Arras, France, in 1758. When and how did Maximilien Robespierre die? But as the revolution approached, Robespierre became head of the powerful Jacobin Club, a radical group advocating exile or death for France's nobility. Robespierre has loved reading and studying even since a kid. Frenchman Marquis de Lafayette fought in the American Revolutionary War and helped shape France's political structure before and after the French Revolution. On July 27, 1793, Robespierre was elected to the Committee of Public Safety, formed to oversee the government with virtual dictatorial control. After the flight of Louis XVI (June 20–21, 1791), for which Robespierre vainly demanded his trial, the slanders against the Revolutionary deputy became twice as violent. From 1765 he attended the college of the Oratorians at Arras, and in 1769 he was awarded a scholarship to the famous college of Louis-le-Grand in Paris, where he distinguished himself in philosophy and law. Soon Robespierre and his allies came to be called montagnards or the Mountain. Maximilien Robespierre, a bourgeois lawyer with sympathies for the working class, was one of the most ruthless revolutionaries to emerge from the notoriously brutal French Revolution. Maximilien de Robespierre was an official during the French Revolution and one of the principal architects of the Reign of Terror. Boston University Libraries. https://www.biography.com/scholar/maximilien-de-robespierre. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. In all, the committee oversaw some 17,000 official executions. In the Spring of 1793, France faced a series of problems that would have broken any other power. He was instrumental in the period of the Revolution commonly known as the Reign of Terror, which ended with his arrest and execution in 1794. Maximilien Francois Marie Isidore Robespierre (6 May 1758-28 July 1794) was a leading figure in the National Convention/National Assembly of the French Republic and in effect was the ruler of France from 1791 until his death in 1794. French engineer and physicist Charles de Coulomb made pioneering discoveries in electricity and magnetism, and came up with the theory called Coulomb's Law. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. On July 27, 1794, Robespierre and a number of his followers were arrested at the Hôtel de Ville in Paris. Robespierre's journalist friend Desmoulins, wrote of this period, "the gods are thirsty." After the coup, the Committee of Public Safety lost its credibility and the French Revolution became distinctly less radical. Terror is only … He hastened the vote on the constitution so as to attract “as many of the democratic party as possible,” inviting in his Adresse aux Français (July 1791; Address to the French) the patriots to join forces. He was able to escape with the aid of a sympathetic jailer and hid in the Hôtel de Ville (City Hall) in Paris. But that same afternoon his section (an administrative subdivision of Paris), Les Piques, nominated him to the insurrectional Commune. He studied law through a scholarship and in 1789 was elected to be a representative of the Arras commoners in the Estates General. Maximilien Robespierre, oil on canvas by Pierre-Roch Vigneron, 1786; in the Museum of French History, Palace of Versailles. Robespierre’s justification of the Terror in the French Revolution Robespierre’s defence of the French Revolution remains one of the most powerful and unnerving justifications for political violence ever written. Maximilien Robespierre was a French lawyer during the French Revolution. Robespierre briefly presided over the influential Jacobin Club, a political club based in Paris. His passionate fight for liberty won him more enemies, who called him a dangerous individual—and worse. The peasants were suppressed and Lyon retaken with brutal tactics. In October he was appointed a judge of the Versailles tribunal. Robespierre served in the Third Estate. He was admitted avocat in 1781, and was elected to the Estates General in 1789 by Artois. In the spring of 1794, it eliminated its enemies to the left (the Hébertists ) and to the right (the Indulgents , or followers of Georges Danton ). He also opposed the death penalty and slavery. This proverb very much sums up the life of Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794), who was a French politician and a leading figure in the French Revolution. By the summer of 1794, many in the Revolutionary government began to question his motives, as the country was no longer threatened by outside enemies. He gained a reputation for defending the poorest of society and earned the nickname "the incorruptible" for his adherence to strict moral values. As a lawyer representing poor people, he had alarmed the privileged classes by his protests in his “Mémoire pour le Sieur Dupond” (“Report for Lord Dupond”) against royal absolutism and arbitrary justice. His father, François Maximilien Barthélémy de Robespierre, was a lawyer at the Conseil d'Artois, and his mother Jacqueline Marguerite Carrault, was the daughter of a brewer. Robespierre was elected President of the National Convention on June 4th, but his overweening power made enemies and allies very nervous. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. A plot emerged and he was arrested on July 27th. We strive for accuracy and fairness. Maximilien-Marie-Isidore De Robespierre. He achieved power and influence in the early 1790s and, by unleashing the Reign of Terror, led the revolution down a bloody path. French attorney, politician and revolutionary. He was admitted to the Arras Academy in 1783 and soon became its chancellor and later its president. Maximilien Robespierre, 1758-1794: Maximilien Marie Isidore de Robespierre was born, of Irish origin, at Arras, May 6, 1758. Maximilien Robespierre was born in northern France on May 6, 1758. The next day, he and 21 of his allies were executed at the guillotine. A chilling exploration of Robespierre s justification of the Terror in the French Revolution. Then, He attended school in Paris to become a lawyer. The king’s execution did not, however, resolve the struggle between the Girondins and the Montagnards, the deputies of the extreme left. Eighteenth Century Collections Online. Filho de uma família da pequena burguesia, perdeu sua mãe muito cedo e foi depois abandonado pelo pai. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. Content: The Estates-General was divided into three parts. In the speech of 8 Thermidor, Robespierre spoke of the existence of internal enemies, conspirators, and calumniators, within the Convention and the governing Committees. After his parents died, Maximilien and his three siblings went to live with their grandparents. In the south, a young artillery officer, Napoleon Bonaparte, recaptured the Toulon naval base and at 23 was promoted to brigadier general and his first taste of national acclaim. If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us! French Legends: The Life and Legacy of Maximilien Robespierre looks at the life and legacy of one of history's most famous revolutionaries, explaining his role in the French Revolution and analyzing his legacy. In 1790 he became closely identified with a left-wing political club, the Jacobins, named for their meeting place, a ancient Catholic monastery. When Brissot’s supporters stirred up opinion against him, Robespierre founded a newspaper, Le Défenseur de la Constitution (“Defense of the Constitution”), which strengthened his hand. Robespierre was influential in the formation of the intended new government and became a prominent member of the radical Jacobin Club (political "clubs" were in some ways parallel to political parties in modern democratic states). This book re-opens the question of Rousseau's influence on the French Revolution and on English Romanticism, by examining the relationship between his confessional writings and his political theory. What is Maximilien Robespierre known for? Robespierre, Maximilien. He quickly attracted attention in an assembly that included some distinguished names. an avid believer in republicanism, democracy, equality and the ideas of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. The reverses suffered by the French army after France had declared war on Austria and Prussia had been foreseen by Robespierre, and, when invasion threatened, the people rallied to him. Leading the Committee was Maximilien Robespierre, a north country lawyer turned radical politician. Collection: GenealogieOnline Family Tree Index. Robespierre and three siblings lived with his grandparents after his parents died. He practiced law in Arras, which provided him with a comfortable income. This biography brings to life Reign of Terror architect?Maximilien de Robespierre. As a member of the electoral assembly of Paris, he heard about the September Massacres of imprisoned nobles and clergy by Parisian crowds. Seemingly intoxicated with the power over life and death, Robespierre called for more purges and executions. What's so special about Maximilien Robespierre?In this new, compelling book from author Porsha Hardy, find out more about Maximilien Robespierre . About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. He became a lawyer, was elected to the States General (1789), became a prominent member of the Jacobin Club, and emerged in the National Assembly as a popular radical, known as ‘the Incorruptible'. A compelling biography of a key figure of the French Revolution captures the paradoxical life of Maximilien Robespierre, from his beginnings as a provincial lawyer, to his rise to power as a revolutionary leader, to his eventual end on the ... Yet as historian David P. Jordan observes, Robespierre has remained an enigma. Robespierre grew up in Arras (a 'ras) 100 miles north of Paris. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Death: July 28 1794 - Paris, 75056, Paris, Ile-De-France, Frankrijk. He became increasingly popular with the people for his attacks on the French monarchy and his advocacy for democratic reforms. Maximilien Marie Isidore de Robespierre was born in Arras on 6 May 1758. If you have trouble accessing this page and need to request an alternate format contact ehistory@osu.edu. Initially a provincial lawyer, he was elected a deputy at the Estates-General of 1789. He denounced the secret intrigues of the court and of the royalists, their collusion with Austria, the unpreparedness of the army, and the possible treason of aristocratic officers whose dismissal he demanded in February 1792. After the outbreak of war with Austria and the so-called Second Revolution in 1792, Robespierre successfully argued for the King's execution. He had a reputation for compassion representing the poor in court and thereby arousing the suspicions of the local gentry. After being admitted to the bar, Maximilien Robespierre immediately began to build his … Maximilien Marie Isidore de Robespierre (6 May 1758 – 28 July 1794) was a major figure of The French Revolution. Charles de Gaulle rose from French soldier in World War I to exiled leader and, eventually, president of the Fifth Republic. What's so special about Maximilien Robespierre?In this new, compelling book from author Kandy Garner, find out more about Maximilien Robespierre . Robespierre was kept out of the committees and from the presidency of the National Assembly; only once, in June 1790, was he elected secretary of the National Assembly. Maximilien-Marie-Isidore De Robespierre in GenealogieOnline Family Tree Index. Peder Larson presents "Maximilien Robespierre: What Were the Motives Behind the Man?," an essay written by Rowena Searle. He was born on May 6, 1758 in Arras. Revolutionary justice is swift and the next day the heads of he and 22 of his followers rolled into the bloody baskets on the Place de la Revolution. Omissions? In the orgy of bloodshed, Robespierre was able to eliminate many of his political opponents. All orders are custom made and most ship worldwide within 24 hours. To this very day, he remains one of the most controversial figures in the history of France and Europe. By the summer of 1794 an estimated 40,000 had died. As the fifth of eight deputies elected from Artois, Robespierre took his seat with the Third Estate and began his political career and meteoric rise to ultimate power. From the monarchy being overthrown and the royal family’s execution to Maximilien Robespierre and Napoleon taking over. He defended actors, Jews, and Black enslaved people and supported the reunion of Avignon, formerly a papal possession, with France in September 1791. Learn about the life of Maximilien Robespierre. This Is A New Release Of The Original 1875 Edition. I deconstruct what is happening in the world today!Please Support me on Patreon http://www.patreon.com/MaxRobespierre A kind of “popular front” was formed between the Parisian sansculottes, the poor, ultraleft republicans, and the Montagnards. Maximilien Robespierre. This book will appeal to students and academics in French revolutionary history and modern French history. He opposed the royal veto, the abuses of ministerial power, and religious and racial discrimination. His mother died when he was 6 years old, and his father left the family soon after. Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre, han udelod senere "de" i sit navn (født 6. maj 1758 i Arras, død 28. juli 1794 i Paris) er en af de bedst kendte ledere under den franske revolution.Han var kendt af sine tilhængere som "den ubestikkelige" på grund af sin fuldkomne hengivelse til revolutionen og som leder af Frankrig under terrorregimet. Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794) was one of the leaders of the Committee of Public Safety, the effective governing body of France during the most radical phase of the revolution. In April 1789, Robespierre was elected president of the powerful Jacobin political faction. Proofs of his growing popularity were the ferocious attacks made by the royalist press on this “Demosthenes,” “who believes everything he says,” this “monkey of Mirabeau’s” (the comte de Mirabeau, a politician who wanted to create a constitutional assembly). Yet, like so many figures of the past the truth of the matter is somewhat more complex. " Aristocrats, uncooperative priests, monarchist politicians, unsuccessful generals, anyone too moderate or not extreme enough had their necks shaved by the guillotine. At age 30, Robespierre was elected to the Estates General of the French legislature. Please select which sections you would like to print: While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Maximilien Marie Isidore de Robespierre was born in Arras, France, on May 6, 1758, the oldest of four children. Maximilien Derrobespierre nasceu em 6 de maio de 1758, em Arras. As a representative of the Third Estate, Robespierre promoted the interests of the lower classes. Robespierre preserved his frugal way of life, his careful dress and grooming, and his simple manners both at Versailles and later in Paris. Essay from the year 2011 in the subject History - Miscellaneous, grade: A, Lindenwood University, language: English, abstract: As one of the key leaders during the “Second Revolution,” it comes as no surprise that Maximilien Robespierre ... This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. He refused to name them, which alarmed the deputies … In 1799, a military coup led by Napoleon Bonaparte overthrew the Directory and established him as the first consul, with dictatorial powers. French writer Simone de Beauvoir laid the foundation for the modern feminist movement. Robespierre was the son of a lawyer in Arras. A fanatical idealist and radical leader of the Jacobins, he was called "the incorruptible." Studies Robespierre as a Jacobian nationalist including a certain amount of biographical material in tracing the transition from humanitarian nationalism to a more violent revolutionary type of nationalism. Leading the Committee was Maximilien Robespierre, a north country lawyer turned radical politician. The Coup d'état of 9 Thermidor or the Fall of Maximilien Robespierre refers to the series of events beginning with Maximilien Robespierre's address to the National Convention on 8 Thermidor Year II(26 July 1794), his arrest the next day, and his execution on 10 Thermidor Year II (28 July 1794). First Estate, clergy, Second Estate, Nobility, Third Estate, the commons. Copyright 1998 by Educational Broadcast, Inc. The treason of General Charles Dumouriez, who went over to the Austrians, precipitated the crisis. A satirical engraving shows Robespierre guillotining the executioner, having guillotined everyone else in France, late 18th C. (Wikimedia Commons) Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre (May 6, 1758 – July 28, 1794) was a French revolutionary leader. Chronicles the life and times of the French Revolutionary figure, looking at little known aspects, including his nervousness, lust for power, and role in "the Terror." When the National Assembly dissolved itself, the people of Paris organized a triumphal procession for Robespierre. His private practice provided him with a comfortable income. Found inside... IRVING ROBESPIERRE CLARISSE HENRY IRVING Miss ELLEN TERRY } ( of the Committee of Public Safety ) DRAMATIS PERSONÆ MAXIMILIEN ROBESPIERRE OLIVIER ( his ... Viajou a Paris com uma bolsa de estudos e, em 1781, graduou-se em direito. Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre (French: [mak.si.mi.ljɛ̃ fʁɑ̃.swa ma.ʁi i.zi.dɔʁ də ʁɔ.bɛs.pjɛʁ]; 6 May 1758 – 28 July 1794) is one of the best-known leaders of the French Revolution.He was born in Arras, France and he went to school to become a lawyer and got his degree at law school. During the Terror, the committee exercised virtual dictatorial control over the French government. © 2021 Biography and the Biography logo are registered trademarks of A&E Television Networks, LLC. He became a The Jacobins acted something like a political party or radical pressure group within the National Assembly and along with their confederates sat high on the left side of the Chamber. The Reign of Terror took place between September 5, 1793, and July 27, 1794. Martial law was proclaimed, and at the Champ-de-Mars the national guard—under the command of the marquis de Lafayette, a moderate who wanted to save the monarchy—opened fire on a group demanding the abdication of the king. He also served as president of the National Convention and on the Committee of Public Safety. 7 Aug. 2013 Robespierre reached the height of his power under the National Convention. Exerceu a profissão de advogado em sua cidade natal, Arrás, com sucesso. During the Terror, the Committee of Public Safety (of which Maximilien de Robespierre was the most prominent member) exercised virtual dictatorial control over the French government. Maximilien Robespierre. Maximilien Robespierre began his political career in 1789, when he was elected to represent the Third Estate of Artois in the pre-Revolutionary Estates-General. Birth: May 6 1758 - Arras, 62041, Pas-De-Calais, Nord-Pas-De-Calais, Frankrijk. He fought for universal suffrage, for unrestricted admission to the national guard, to public offices, and to the commissioned ranks of the army, and for the right to petition. Maximilien Robespierre, in full Maximilien-François-Marie-Isidore de Robespierre, (born May 6, 1758, Arras, France—died July 28, 1794, Paris), radical Jacobin leader and one of the principal figures in the French Revolution. Maximilien Robespierre was a radical democrat and key figure in the French Revolution of 1789. At the king’s trial, which began in December 1792, Robespierre spoke 11 times and called for death. There he opposed the European war that Jacques-Pierre Brissot was advocating as a means of spreading the aims of the Revolution. Shortly after, troops from the National Convention stormed the building and seized and arrested Robespierre and his followers. In March 1789 the citizens of Arras chose him as one of their representatives, and the Third Estate (the commons) of the bailiwick elected him fifth of the eight deputies from Artois. Things have been said to you about the Jews that are infinitely exaggerated and often contrary to history. He succeeded in making himself heard despite the weak carrying power of his voice and the opposition he aroused, and his motions were usually applauded. Although this period - from mid 1793 to mid 1794 is usually known as the reign of terror, it was also a period of very effective government. 1758 CE – 1794 CE. Robespierre studied law and went on to be an advocate for the lower class of France. France saw the return of bourgeois values, corruption and further military failure. In the next 11 months, 300,000 suspected enemies of the Revolution were arrested and more than 17,000 were executed, most by guillotine. First known for his talent as a lawyer, Robespierre quickly became involved in the French political sphere. Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre was a French lawyer, politician, and one of the best-known and most influential figures of the French Revolution. Robespierre soon took on a public role, calling for political change in the French monarchy. Marie Antoinette helped provoke the popular unrest that led to the French Revolution and to the overthrow of the monarchy in August 1792. Peasants were in revolt, the City of Lyon had rebelled and the Mediterranean naval base at Toulon had been surrendered to the British. Also an existentialist philosopher, she had a long-term relationship with Jean-Paul Sartre. Although he had defined the aims of insurrection, he hesitated to advocate it: “Fight the common enemy,” he told the provincial volunteers, “only with the sword of law.” When the insurrection nevertheless broke out on August 10, 1792, Robespierre took no part in the attack on the Tuileries Palace. Robespierre soon took on a public role, calling for political change in the French monarchy. He was the oldest of four siblings and his father was a lawyer. Some of his colleagues saw his refusal to compromise and his rigid stand against all authority as extreme and impractical. A year later, he participated in writing the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, the foundation of the French constitution. Facts about Maximilien Robespierre 1: Early Life. How did Maximilien Robespierre come to power? Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre (May 6, 1758–July 28, 1794) is one of the best-known leaders of the French Revolution. It’s important to know what happened to rationalize the events of the present times and to also accurately predict what will happen in the future. Get a copy of this book today! Thus he began his political career at the age of 30. Robespierre aided in the writing of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. Questions and answers about Maximilien Robespierre. Maximilien de Robespierre was a French revolutionary with ties to both the French Revolution as well as the Reign of Terror. He soon followed in his father's footsteps by attending school in Paris to become a lawyer. มักซีมีเลียง รอแบ็สปีแยร์ เกิดเมื่อวันที่ 6 พฤษภาคม ค.ศ. Gale. A coalition of European armies threatening the border, food riots in Paris, a peasant revolt in the southwest, the City of Lyon in rebellion and the Mediterranean naval base at Toulon surrendered to the British. Corrections? Maximilien Robespierre is one of the best-known and most influential figures of the French Revolution. He managed to keep the Jacobin Club alive after all of its moderate members had joined a rival club. A coalition of European armies were massed on the border determined to crush the Revolution. He grew up in the city of Arras in northern France. He received a law degree in 1781 and became a lawyer at Arras, where he set up house with his sister Charlotte. He exonerated the mob, and on September 5 the people of Paris elected him to head the delegation to the National Convention. But for every rise there must be a fall. TBA The French Revolution (Both Parts) The Napoleonic Wars (cameo in Part 1) TBA On May 26, 1793, Robespierre called on the people “to rise in insurrection.” Five days later he supported a decree of the National Convention indicting the Girondin leaders and Dumouriez’s accomplices. French Legends: The Life and Legacy of Maximilien Robespierre looks at the life and legacy of one of history's most famous revolutionaries, explaining his role in the French Revolution and analyzing his legacy. Maximilien Robespierre. "Describes the life of Maximilien Robespierre and his influence on the French Revolution"-- Faced with pressures both from the outside and from within, the Revolutionary government instituted the Reign of Terror in September. "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); Subscribe to the Biography newsletter to receive stories about the people who shaped our world and the stories that shaped their lives. A persuasive writer but a mediocre speaker, He faced a set of daunting challenges. He also defended patriotic soldiers, such as those of the Châteauvieux regiment, who had been imprisoned after their mutiny at Nancy. In the latter months of 1793, he came to dominate the Committee of Public Safety, the principal organ of the Revolutionary government during the Reign of Terror, but in 1794 he was overthrown and guillotined. To rid the country of internal dissent the Committee instituted the Reign of Terror. Their distrust was further inflamed when he put himself forward as a candidate to represent the province in the Estates'-General, France's parliament in 1789. Young Maximilien was a smart child who enjoyed reading and studying law. In 1804, Napoleon proclaimed himself emperor of France. French philosopher Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de la Brède et de Montesquieu, was a highly influential political thinker during the Age of Enlightenment. In December of that year, he successfully argued for the execution of the king and continued to encourage the crowds to rise up against the aristocracy. The Girondins—who favoured political but not social democracy and who controlled the government and the civil service—accused Robespierre of dictatorship from the first sessions of the National Convention. A Committee of Safety was formed and by summer it was led by Robespierre, but for the first time since Louis XIV, France had a government determined to rule. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. Learn about current events in   historical perspective on our Origins site. Maximilien de Robespierre was a radical Jacobin leader and one of the principal figures in the French Revolution. Maximilien Robespierre lost his head—literally. Paul Halsall presents the text of "On the Principles of Political Morality," as part of the Internet Modern History Sourcebook. The document was written in February 1794 by French revolutionary Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794). 1794-07-28 French Revolutionary figure Maximilien Robespierre and 22 other leaders of … Caught in the death machine of his own creation, Robespierre would in the early years be condemned as a bloodthirsty tyrant, but later historical reflection softened this analysis and he is also remembered as a champion of the poor, destitute and politically oppressed. Peter McPhee gives special attention to Robespierre's formative years and the development of an iron will in a frail boy conceived outside wedlock and on the margins of polite provincial society. Maximilien Isidore Robespierre, the leader of the most violent of those theorizers who overthrew the French monarchy, the exponent of all that deep-rooted hatred which the commoners of France, as the result of long centuries of oppression, ... Maximilien Robespierre was born on May 6th, 1758. Collection of essays which illuminate many facets of Robespierre's career, life and thought. He became a devotee of social philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau, intrigued by the idea of a virtuous man who stands alone accompanied only by his conscience. He faced a set of daunting challenges. French Revolutionary Leader. His speech on December 3 rallied the hesitant. Robespierre, his life threatened, went to live with the family of the cabinetmaker Maurice Duplay. The French Revolutionary leader Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre (1758-1794) was the spokesman for the policies of the dictatorial government that ruled France during the crisis brought on by civil and foreign war. 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